Essay Grade Justification - 967 Words

Kaylee Stutzman English 101, section 6 Grade Justification 5/14/13 Grade Justification In English 101, during the course of the semester, I believe that I have overall earned a B+ as a final grade. During the semester my grades have been consistently average and my essays have gotten progressively more detailed and although they haven’t been the most concise they have gotten a lot stronger and showed more promise as the semester progressed which is showing that, during the time I have been learning things in class and applying those skills towards essays, and homework. During the class period I have also participated in almost, if not all of the class discussions, while making sure I voice my opinions and thoughts. While I†¦show more content†¦If I do not receive a grade higher than a B in all the other parts of this course, this section alone I believe should get me a B+. There is no doubt that there are students that might have been spent more time than I did reading and writing in preparation for this class, however I can say without a doubt that I gave everything that I had. At the start of the semester I was unprepared for the level of work that I would be facing at this new school. I am used to being able to balance my full-time job, family obligations and my school assignments with relative ease however, all that has changed. I have spent many sleepless nights revising essays and reading selections for this class. It is fair to say that I have given everything that I have in order to prove to myself and everyone else that I do in fact belong here and that I can survive the pit falls of this institution. I have spent many sleepless nights slumped over my laptop checking for comma splices and subject-verb disagreement and I have the bags under my eyes to prove it. I hope that I do not need to explain further my rationale, but that it was visible all semester in my haggard face and the fact that most of my assignments were all relativelyShow MoreRelatedRhetoric Between An Intrusive And Extrusive Proof992 Words   |  4 Page swrite 4 essays throughout the entirely of this course. Each of the essays included an original version, followed by a revision memo, and last but not least a final revised version of the essay. After we completed an essay, the professor would grade our original essay and provide feedback on how to further improve on our final revised essay. We then would have to take his corrections into consideration and write 2 paragraphs on how to fix our mistakes called a revision memo. The first essay we wereRead MoreThe New Style Of Lecturing Now1243 Words   |  5 PagesAcademic cheating, achieved threw supposition of certain grades, job opportunities and extreme goals have lead to a high percentage of 75% test takers, including graduate students and high schools students that have agreed amongst this crime which surprisingly has being evolving as technology and higher requirements in society grows. The result of heavy workloads, Intense GPAs and risky temptations has resulted in an increa se, 20% during the 1940s vs. 80% during the 2000s, which has shocked bothRead MoreSummary Of Prescriptive Writing By David Foster Wallace1066 Words   |  5 Pagesprescriptive writing. I learned that descriptivism is far more valuable than prescriptivism. With the help of a couple past English courses, I was able to construct my ability to write both an effective, abstract essay while maintaining a prescriptive skeleton. Course such as mythology, my seventh grade english course, and my sophomore year English course are all examples of classes that either helped my dexterity mature or diminish. The first English course I came to know and love was my senior year mythologyRead More7. What Would You Recommend to the Ceo Given Your Analysis of His Approach Thus Far?658 Words   |  3 Pagesgeneral business knowledge, and sound management principles and theories, to produce a report or other deliverable on the subject for the senior manager. Your recommendations are important, but equally important is your justification for those recommendations. The justification must convince the manager that your advice is worth the price he or she paid for it. The manager should feel confident that you have arrived at the correct conclusions and that your conclusions are well supported by goodRead Moreloyalist or patriot...1528 Words   |  7 PagesArgumentative Essay Loyalist or Patriot Background: Various events of the 1700s led colonists to develop strong beliefs regarding the British government. The Trial of Peter Zenger, The Proclamation of 1763, the Boston Massacre combined with constantly changing taxes and rules that governed them made many think that self-governance was the best path for the colonies. Others felt that the King and his appointed officials had their best interests in mind and preferred to stay loyal to the crown. LaterRead MoreMy High School Spring Fling1222 Words   |  5 Pagesmay say it’s to raise money for the senior class, and students of the lower grade may say a free day to get out of class. This is examples of justification that Collins speak about in his essay. These reasons alone justify the rituals we have as a whole and what makes them rational. The school chat is embedded in the entire school, we say it at sports games, pep rallies, homecomings and even at graduation. In Collins essay, he states that we do things socially because we are trying to promote â€Å"socialRead MoreMy Journey : My Educational Journey973 Words   |  4 Pageshow to construct an outline, proper sentence structure, and punctuation. I feel this journey will better prepare me for continuing my education and help me to communicate better as a professional. The first essay I wrote was a composing process essay. In this essay, I had to write an essay about my personal writing preferences and the processes I use when writing. This assignment was difficult for me because I have not written academically since high school. I thought back to by high school writingRead Moreap dbq 11003 Words   |  5 Pagescomplete this Graded Assignment, retrieve the Religious Views on War DBQ. Use this document with its essay instructions and the DBQ Checklist to complete this DBQ essay. Please consult the rubric throughout the process. Using the documents, compare the views of major world religions on war. What additional kind of document(s) would you need to compare the views of major world religions on war? Essay: While some religions, like Christianity and Islam, may have defended war in time of defense, otherRead MoreRichard s Behavior At School1530 Words   |  7 Pagesdisruptive in class, and highly disorganized. Richard also struggled in mathematics and socially because he did not get along with his classmates. Although he remained in his seat in the fourth grade, Richard had difficulty remaining in his seat and touched his classmates’ belongings constantly in the first and second grade. Although isolation, structured classroom environment, and consistent negative consequences improved Richard’s behavior at school, the school counselor was concerned because he still performedRead More What Keeps Me From Writing Essay1063 Words   |  5 Pagespen-pals. Also, I had no problems with essays during my grade school years. I did not need much time to create an essay, or a journal, or something else for my writing class. The older I become, the more difficult it gets for me to write. Perhaps, I have more problems, needs, or other various things in my life that keep me from being able to focus on writing. Therefore, when I read â€Å"The Watcher at the Gates† by Gail Godwin, I saw myself there. In this essay, Godwin illustrates examples of many things

Essay on Archimedes - 1094 Words

In the city-state of Syracuse, Sicily a Greek mathematician who would soon make history was born: Archimedes From his birth to his adulthood, he proved just how much of a difference one man could make. Through the use of science and mathematics, Archimedes was able to leave a major impact on ancient society. During his youth, Archimedes was an ambitious learner. His father, Phidias, would make Archimedes solve numerous math problems. He solved most of them correctly, proving to his father that he was worthy of a solid education (Zannos 21). He studied in Alexandria, Egypt under the guidance of Euclid. Besides math, Phidias would often take Archimedes for walks at night. During those walks, Archimedes was intrigued by the stars of the†¦show more content†¦King Heiron had just received his crown from the goldsmith and asked Archimedes to test if it was pure gold. Using the density of gold and laws of hydrostatics, Archimedes determined that it was not pure gold and that some o f it had in fact been replaced by a cheaper metal. The goldsmith had cheated the king (Hoffman 32). Without Archimedes, the king would have never known the truth. In the field of Mathematics, Archimedes was able to make the most advances in the subject of Geometry. To help people have a better grip on what exactly Geometry was, Archimedes wrote a few books. His three most notable novels were Measurement of a Circle, On Spirals, and On the Sphere and Cylinder. In his books, Archimedes didn’t just tell the reader how Geometry worked; instead, he explained his theorems through careful reasoning (Gow 12). Archimedes made two more theoretical discoveries about Geometry. He discovered the relationship between volumes of spheres and cylinders with the equivalent radius. Not only that, but he also found more accurate measurements of Pi (Gow 7). People believe that Archimedes enjoyed theoretical discoveries much more over practical discoveries. Geometry was all about theory. His love and passion for these types of findings allowed him to discover more and more about Geometry. Archimedes didShow MoreRelated Archimedes Essay727 Words   |  3 Pages Archimedes was a Greek mathematician and scientist. He was born in Syracuse, Sicily in the year 287 B.C. He was educated in Alexandria, Egypt. Due to the lack of information about Greek mathematics, many Greek mathematicians and their works are hardly known. Archimedes is the exception. Archimedes was very preoccupied with mathematics. For instance, he often forgot to eat and bathe because of his always wanted to solve problems. He found areas and volumes of spheres, cylinders and plain shapesRead MoreEssay on Archimedes1806 Words   |  8 PagesArchimedes, a name commonly associated with the beginning of science, was an engineer and one of the greatest mathematicians in history. His impact on modern science rests on his use of experiment and invention to test ideas and his use mathematics to describe the basic principles of physical phenomena. Knowledge of the lives of ancient philosophers like Archimedes is not prevalent. We know from his writings that he grew up and spent much of his life in Syracuse, a Sicilian port on the IonianRead More Archimedes Essay examples1577 Words   |  7 Pagesrecorded history. It was not until Archimedes of Syracuse came along, that the theory of flotation and the buoyancy principle were defined. Archimedes was born at Syracuse on the island of Sicily in 287 BC. His father, Phidias, is thought to have been an astronomer who discovered the size and distances of the sun and moon. Archimedes might have been related to King Hieron the second, King Hieron definitely favored Archimedes as his first philosopher. As a young boy, Archimedes developed a life-long interestRead MoreBiographical Information on Archimedes554 Words   |  2 PagesArchimedes Archimedes was born in Syracuse, Sicily in 287 BC. He was the son of the astronomer Phidias and was close to King Hieron and his son, for whom he served for many years. There is not much known about his life, but he has been regarded as one of the three greatest mathematicians along with Isaac Newton and Carl Gauss. in addition to being a great mathematician, he was also considered a leading scientist of ancient times, a physicist, an engineer, an inventor, and an astronomer. He hadRead MoreArchimedes: A Brief Biography581 Words   |  2 PagesArchimedes was a great mathematician that iInvented many war machines to help defend his hometown, Syracuse . He was a brilliant inventor that made many machines not only to fight, but also some machines to advance the Greek lifestyle. Archimedes was born in 287 BC, just as soon as Syracuse’s king, Agathocles, was dying. Agathocles was a bad tyrant who marched into Syracuse with mercenaries and killed about 10,000 people . Also, the Punic wars were occurring around his lifetime. The PunicRead MoreThe Life Of Archimedes Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesArchimedes, considered on of the greatest minds of the ancient world was born on the island of Sicily in the Greek city of Syracuse in the year 287 B.C.. Syracuse at the time was an independent Greek city-state with a 500-year history. He was the son of Phidias who was a Greek Astronomer and Mathematician. All that we know about Archimedes comes from his existing manuscripts, and from ancient historians such as Plutarch and Cicero among others centuries after his death. Considering the lengthRead More Archimedes of Syracuse Essay3397 Words   |  14 PagesArchimedes of Syracuse (278 B.C.E. - 212 B.C.E.) The importance of the role played by Archimedes in the history of science can scarcely be exaggerated. He was emulated and admired in his own day and at successive periods in later times (Clagett, 1). During the time period before Archimedes, Aristotle had already effectively drawn a line between philosophy and mathematics. After his date philosophy is carried on without mathematical inspiration. There is an outbreak, known as the GoldenRead MoreFluid Mechanics and Contributions of Archimedes in the Field 773 Words   |  3 PagesFLUID MECHANICS AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF ARCHIMEDES ON THE FIELD Fluid mechanics is one of the fields of applied mechanics. It studies the behaviour of gases and liquids both in rest and in motion. â€Å"Fluids† are involved in a great portion of our daily lives even though we do not realize it. There are indeed very few aspects that we do not come across with it. Fluids are used in different fields of engineering. Leonardo Da Vinci is a notable man who had great impact on the field and gave pace to itsRead MoreEssay about The Life and Discoveries of Archimedes 801 Words   |  4 PagesThe life of Archimedes impacted many people of his time because his inventions brought a new level to ancient warfare. He was also well known for being a mathematician and for his scientific writings, many of which still survive today. Archimedes was born in Syracuse, Sicily, and he lived to be seventy-five years old. This puts the date of his birth around 287 B.C., and the date of his death around 362 B.C. His father was an astronomer, and he may have been related to Hiero II, king of SyracuseRead MoreArchimedes Of Syracuse And The Current State Of Computing1250 Words   |  5 Pagesthe current state of computing technology. Archimedes of Syracuse was born in 287 BC in Syracuse, Sicily. Not much is known about his early life or his parents, but it is believed he studied alongside his mathematical contemporaries Conon of Samos and Eratosthenes of Cyrene in Egypt. In 212 BC, he was killed by the invading Roman soldiers when he refused to comply while solving geometrical problems in the dirt. Although he died prematurely, Archimedes made a significant contribution to the field

Descartes Skeptical Argument and Reponses by Bouwsma and Malcolm Essay Example For Students

Descartes Skeptical Argument and Reponses by Bouwsma and Malcolm Essay Descartes Skeptical Argument and Reponses by Bouwsma and MalcolmIn this essay, I will examine Rene Descartes skeptical argument andresponses by O.K. Bouwsma and Norman Malcolm. I intend to prove that while bothBouwsma and Malcolm make points that refute specific parts of Descartesargument in their criticisms, neither is sufficient in itself to refute thewhole. In order to understand Descartes argument and its sometimes radical ideas,one must have at least a general idea of his motives in undertaking the argument. The seventeenth century was a time of great scientific progress, and theblossoming scientific community was concerned with setting up a consistentstandard to define what constituted science. Their science was based onconjunction and empirical affirmation, ideally without any preconceived notionsto taint the results. Descartes, however, believed that the senses wereunreliable and that science based solely on information gained from the senseswas uncertain. He was concerned with finding a point of certainty on which tobase scientific thought. Eventually he settled on mathematics as a basis forscience, because he believed mathematics and geometry to be based on someinherent truths. He believed that it was through mathematics that we were ableto make sense of our world, and that the ability to think mathematically was aninnate ability of all human beings. This theory becomes important in DescartesMeditations because he is forced to explain where the mathematical ideas that hebelieved we were born with came from. Having discussed Descartes background, Iwill now explain the specifics of his argument. The basis of Descartes entire argument is that the senses can not betrusted, and his objective is to reach a point of certainty, one undeniabletruth that fixes our existence. He said it best in his own words, I will . . . apply myself earnestly and openly to the general destruction of my formeropinions.1 By opinions he meant all the facts and notions about the worldwhich he had previously held as truths. Any point which had even the slightesthint of doubt was discarded and considered completely false. Descartes decidedthat he would consider all things until he found that either nothing is certain,which is itself a point of certainty, or he reached the one undeniable truth hewas searching for. In order to accomplish this certainty, in the firstMeditation he asks the reader to assume that they are asleep and that all theirsensory information is the product of dreams. More significantly, Descartesimplies that all consciousness could actually be a dream state, thus provingthat the senses can be doubted. The dream argument has its intrinsic problems,however. One, is that images in dreams can be described as painted images.2In other words, a dream image is only a portrait of a real-life object, place orpers on. If we are dreaming then it is implied that at some point we wereconscious and able to perceive these things. If we are able to perceive thesethings then we must admit that we have senses and that our senses are, at leastin part, true. This was exactly what Descartes was trying to disprove, and itwas one reason he abandoned the dream argument. The second problem with this argument is that it points to mathematics as apoint of certainty. I believe Descartes best explained this in his own words:Whether I be awake or asleep, two plus three equals five and a square doesnot have more than four sides: nor does it seem possible that such obvioustruths can fall under the suspicions of falsity.3 Even when we are dreaming,the laws of mathematics and geometry hold true, but they can not be Descartespoint of certainty for a simple reason; these abilities that Descartes believedwere innate still had to come from somewhere. If they are in our heads when weare born, someone had to put them there. Descartes question is who, and hecomes up with two possibilities. .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 , .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .postImageUrl , .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 , .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6:hover , .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6:visited , .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6:active { border:0!important; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6:active , .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6 .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad722c062d9fc1ad280107570d5420f6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: World War I Essay ThesisOne possibility is that our inherent mathematical abilities are the gift ofa benign creator, a gift of God. As a supremely good being, he would not allowus to be deceived, and mathematical processes would be a point of certain andundeniable truth. If this were the case, the idea of mathematics would meetDescartes objectives as a point of certainty. The existence of God, however,can not be proven and so there is a

The Perils of Obedience by Stanley Milgram free essay sample

In â€Å"The Perils of Obedience,† Stanley Milgram develops a experiment that puts to test the the question , â€Å"Will humans inflict extreme pain to others under the command of higher authority? †. The essay starts off with Milgram explaining the history of obedience by exhibiting the loyalness that was portrayed by followers in historical documents. The experiment that Milgram set up was simple. He elected an â€Å"experimenter† who is the authority figure, a â€Å"teacher† which is the subject of the experiment, and a â€Å"learner† whose only obligation is to act as if s/he is in pain. The teacher in the experiment reads off a simple list of words, and the student must remember the second word of a pair upon hearing the first one again. If the student is wrong, the teacher must inflict pain on the student, increasing the pain each time the student makes an error. Before actually conducting these experiments, Milgram asked for predictions from various groups of people. We will write a custom essay sample on The Perils of Obedience by Stanley Milgram or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was predicted that almost all the subjects would deny to obey the experimenter, but these predictions were proved wrong. In the first group of subjects, only 25 of the 40 who participated in the experiment obeyed all the orders from the experimenter. In another scenario where Yale undergraduates were used as subjects, 60 percent of them were obedient to the experimenter. In the first experiment that Milgram conducts, the subject Gretchen Brandt defies the experimenters request by refusing to inflict anymore pain on the student because of the immoral pain that she believed the student was in. This is the response that Milgram initially thought would be for all subjects. In the second experiment that Milgram conducted, his subject Fred Prozi, was obedient to the experimenter, although he clearly did not want to cause any harm to the learner, Prozi respected the authority that the experimenter showcased. Each time Prozi insisted that the experiment be stopped , the experimenter would demand that he go on, and he did. Milgram’s most memorable subject, Morris Braverman, was unlike the other subjects who participated in this experiment because he showed signs of enjoyment during the experiment. Braverman strictly followed the experimenters orders, and also laughed at times when he administered pain to the learner. Later in the essay, Milgram begins to explain why subjects responded to the experiments the way that they did stating that â€Å"all people harbor deeply aggressive instincts† (77). He also stated that subjects gained more satisfaction with pleasing the experimenter and doing a good job, than actually caring for the well being of the learner. One notable subject, Bruno Batta, made sure that the experiment went as planned, even going as far as forcing the learners hand back onto the shock plate . Milgram refers to Hannah Arendt’s book Eichmann in Jerusalem, in which Arendt states that the horrible deeds that Eichmann carried out did not make him a monster, because he was only being obedient towards higher authority. The experiments that Milgram constructed proved that most humans will inflict pain to others under the command of a higher authority.

Human development Essay Example

Human development Essay The purpose of this paper is to think of a particular time In my childhood and apply Brotherlinesss five systems to that particular time. Erie Brotherlinesss ecological theory in child development suggest that five levels of the environment simultaneously influences us as children. Frontbencher believes that we cannot fully understand the phenomenon of continuity and bio-psychological characteristics of a child without considering how we are influence by each level of our environment. The 5 levels he mentions are, Microsystems, Microsystems, Ecosystem, Microsystems and Chronometers (Feldman 2011). I grew up on the island of Montmartre which is a British territory, where the environment helped shape who I am today, I moved to the united states when I was 13 years old, where I realized that life there was much different than what I was accustom to, for I no longer had the support from the community and family members I had grown so accustomed to. This is why I found Brotherlinesss biological approach so interesting because it reminded me Just how much I had lost and how much I had achieved. The particular time period In my childhood that I would like to discuss in this essay is when I was about 10 years old. I chose this time period due to the fact that this was a time when life changed for my family and me in more ways than one, in some ways positive but in many ways negative. The most serious Impact on my life occurred at the age of 10 years old, which I will be discussing in detail further on in this essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Human development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Human development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Human development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to my reading the Microsystems is defined as the everyday immediate environment in which we lead our lives. (Feldman 2011). In my case the immediate environment at that time were my friends, teachers, brothers, and the community, they were part of the long-term Immediate environment In which I placed my trust, other temporary Microsystems that came and went are athletic clubs, boy scouts, and church, through those Microsystems I got a chance to build relationships, built various skills, and I also learned how to socialize through personal experience. At about age 10 1 developed a love for track and field and went on to win numerous medals In school which Is a personal success story of mine. In this period in time I could remember my family was close, but at the same time, having regular arguments and fights, I thought thing of It at the time, for I would Join the arguments to defend my mother in particular. I didnt have a father In my life so my mother was the one that took care of me, not having a father in the picture was not a good experience for me, I think this is why I was so close with my mother. My brothers I could remember were always there willing to teach what they knew, there were times when I wanted to be like my older brothers. I was younger than they were but we would socialize Like we were friends we, had a good relationship, through my brothers I learned how to act in school, all of those social interactions were crucial to my development. My family had the same problems like every other family but I felt protected surrounded by them. My mother and grandfather were always arguing, I would try to defend my mother of course. At age 10 1 could remember going to school, I was already tough because of what I learned from my brothers, I got in all sorts of fights with the other students but 1 OFF around. The teachers in the school were strict, they were allowed to use corporal punishment, so I would often get punished for not doing homework, fighting, and arioso other reasons. My peers at the time from what I could remember were tough. My community I would describe as been close, the community demanded respect, I could not pass someone without saying good day or good morning or I would be punished. The Microsystems refers to all the settings in which a child personally interacts and is influenced, so in my case my Microsystems are family, athletic clubs, and children in the community. All of those personal social interactions are what influenced me at the time, and which, makes up one of the 4 system of Brotherlinesss which is the Microsystems. According to the reading the Microsystems provides connections between various aspects of the Microsystems, the Microsystems binds children to parents, students to teacher and friends to friends (Feldman 2011). When two Microsystems come together, they form a Microsystems, most time a unique and positive experience is created, but other times you have confusion and stress on the child. My mother had minimal interactions with my peers but when my peers would come to my house she would interact with them, she had different rules in the house so there were often confusion, for example no eating n the living room, and no swearing in the house, this was due to the fact that two Microsystems came together creating a rift between acceptable behavior. She was very involved in my school affairs, she knew most of the teachers personally so she interacted with them on a regular basis, I would go as far as to say she was friends with a lot of the teachers at the school, all of the teachers were from the community, I couldnt hide exam results, or if I failed to do my homework the teachers knew her personally so they would call her. By bringing teacher and my parent together a ecosystem was created, the interaction between my parent and teacher showed me that they were interested in how well I was doing in school and was united in making sure I did my best. My mother was particularly strict and persistent when it came to me doing my homework, she would stay up all night if she had to, to help me with my homework and if I didnt do my homework and she found out I would be punished. I was involved in athletics throughout my school life and the community would be there to cheer on the children, so they were very engaged in our sports activities, because the community was small everyone knew each other personally from searchers, members of the community and friends, we all had a type of bond linking us together, if one person died we would all feel it. I would say that the Microsystems had a positive influence on me because it provide me the social support and consistency in practically every activity I took part in at that time. If I am correct my ethnic heritage is afro-Caribbean, am affiliated with the Christian church. At 10 years old I was not too familiar with what was going on in the rest of the world, there were murmurs of war overseas, but I was only 10 it didnt register to me or mean anything to me at the time. At that time I was influence by the Christian religion and the church, for my mother was adamant about us going to church every Sunday. According to the reading the macro system represents the larger cultural influences on an individual for example society, types of government, religious and political value system and other broad, encompassing factors are part of the macro system religious beliefs, or political views which are part of the macro system. According to my reading the Ecosystem represent broader influence, encompassing social institution such as local governments, the community, schools, places of worship and he local media (Feldman, 2011). My mother was the secretary of the secondary school on the island, I do not think I took any vacation at that age, my mother was a single parent and was never married, and there was no father in the picture. I could remember when my mother my went away for a long time and I had to stay with friends and relatives, I had to live under a set of different rules I felt that the love that I had from family around me no longer existed, things changed for that time period I didnt have my peers, or teachers around, this created confusion and I became assistant. I would say the single historical event that effected my development at that time was the volcanic eruption that destroyed my island. When the volcano erupted everything changed, my school life was over, a lot of the influential people left the island, and my school was transformed into a shelter, so I was forced to leave for the United States. According to my reading the chronometers involves the way the passage of time historical events affect ones development (Feldman 2014). Due to the eruption I had to live under different rules, go to a new in school, find new friends ND live in the new household, I became a different person due to that event.

Lights! Camera! Action! Marin Luther and Reformation

Lights! Camera! Action! Marin Luther and Reformation Is Martin Luther due all the credit given him for the genesis of the Reformation? Perhaps, but one has to look at a few other factors that certainly set the stage for Luther. Hardly ever does one person come along and, without any preparation, change the cultural traditions let alone a whole world.Sometimes a leader is just lucky; the timing is right. For Martin Luther to reform religion it took a bit more than just luck. It took intelligence, skillfulness, and education. Martin Luther had all three of these and the luck of timing. There were, however, some people and events that set the stage for Luther and the reformation movement. The humanistic movement was one, very important factor.Humanism already had strong, healthy roots in Western Europe and was the philosophy under which Martin Luther studied. It could be said that this movement was the true ignition of reformation although without Luther to fan its flames, reformation would have taken many more years to become the fire th at burned through Catholicism with a vengeance.Martin Luther, commemorated on February 18 Evangel...Aside from the humanist movement there were a few men: John Wiclif, Jan Hus, and Erasmus would play important roles in the very beginning before Martin Luther‚s time. Between these three men: biblical translations, teachings that the bible was for the individual, questioning authority, ridicule of the gross misconduct and improprieties of the papacy, and martyrdom can be found. (Greer 409-412) These acts are not to be ignored when contemplating the foundation of reformation.With the acts of these three men, all the props on Martin Luther‚s stage were in place. The bible became accessible to all members of the congregation, and reading it was strongly encouraged. Erasmus showed that the papacy was not only to be wrong, but ridiculously so.

IT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT - Research Paper Example Thus, it is advised by computer experts to keep a backup of the information and resources that are stored on computer systems. This paper will focus upon the various storage devices that can be used by computer users to keep a backup of their information and resources, and the differences between redundant and backup data storage and how systems fail and how can they be protected. Backup Media Various forms of backup media available to users include: optical storage methods such as writeable and re-writable CDs and DVDs, external and internal hard disks that can be mounted on the systems and flash memory systems such as pen drives, USB drives and memory cards. Information stored on optical drives can last for very long period of time if these drives are kept safely, secondly these drives are even available in write once only form. This is an advantage because the data that is stored on these drives cannot be replaced or over-written. These drives even come in re-writable form; this m eans that same drive can be used do over write if old information is no longer needed. These drives are easy to move from one pc to another, these drives can be used in several systems but one system can use it at a time. Another downside of optical drives is that the time taken by these drives to write data and store information on them is considerably high if compared to the time taken by flash drives and other forms of memory drives. Another form of backup media that can come in handy for computer users is installing a second hard drive internally or externally. The advantages of having a second hard disk are enormous. Firstly, the second hard disk can act as a backup for files stored on your system; this will come in handy if the files from the first hard disk are deleted. Another advantage of using an extra hard disk is that the process of backing up files in a second hard disk is faster as compared to backing up these files in an optical drive or a USB flash memory drive. Havi ng a second hard disk is even of advantage as the files and the resources that have been downloaded over time on the computer system can be safe and the users d not have to take the pain of downloading and saving these resources again. All the operations conducted in a computer system take place on the first hard disk or the primary hard disk, due to this continuous usage, the hard disk becomes old and starts wearing out and ultimately the user has to replace it. When two hard disks are involved in the process of running a computer system, the burden of running the computer system is shared and both the hard disks gain higher functional life time. Disadvantages associated with installing a second hard disk are few in number. Firstly, hard disks have to be dealt with extra care, misuse may easily damage or corrupt the hard disk and data loss may occur, secondly, if the drive is installed inside the system, moving the drive to another system might become difficult and during the trans fer, the chances of damage are quite high. One of the best backup media designed to-date is USB flash memory drives/sticks. The advantages of using this media are: they are very small in size and can hold huge amount o information, they are easy to move and do not contain parts that might get corrupted if they are mishandled. These drives are even better than optical drives as they cannot be destroyed due to scratches and dust. Installing them is much easier than installing hard disks as they do not need

Critical analyse the paper's purpose Assignment

Critical analyse the paper's purpose - Assignment Example It then examines the causative factors using the hypothetical testing model before making recommendation projected to help educators curb the menace. According to Guo (2011), the key factors leading to plagiaristic behaviors include moral capability, awareness, and academic integration, accounting education, pressures, new technology, institutional support, cultural influences and demographic variables. These hypothesized factors were put into a conceptual model in order to test and ascertain or disqualify them as causative agents as well as to identify any connections among them through a series of questionnaires analysis. The questionnaire was divided in three sections depending on the hypothesized factors, extent of the plagiarism and the demographic factors relating to the respondents. The findings indicated a high degree of co-relation between the hypothesized constructs producing many statistically significant connections which were broadly consistent with the hypothesis. Never theless, research findings were surprising since new technology failed to relate to other constructs and the results were inconsistent with past studies creating a gap that needs to be addressed through further research (Guo 2011). Finally, the paper recommends that educators should take into consideration the effects of student’s cultural background on their propensity to plagiarize; in addition, to focusing on the ethic centric models of learning and integrate students into their academic life. The study sets out to examine students awareness of plagiarism and concludes that some of them ignore the concept altogether because they do not appreciate its gravity as an offence. While others use sources and share information among each other, but do not understand at what point using sources can turns into plagiarism (Granitz & Loewy 2001). Students who are not well integrated in the school system tend to plagiarize more often as an attempt to fit in the system. Moreover, variou s pressure thrust upon accounting students such as parental expectations, especially if they fund the student’s education my also increase a student’s propensity for plagiarism. Similarly, the rigours associated with accounting exams in the UK especially because of the many exam bodies tend to intimidate students and forces them to find easy way out through plagiarizing (Renard 2000). Analysing from a demographic standpoint, the study show that male students are more likely to cheat than female ones; additionally, high rate of plagiarism among students was suggested to be inversely proportional to age with younger scholars being more prone to cheating. Technology was also found to have a positive relationship with plagiarism owing to the wealth of data available on the internet, which students can access and apply in their work with hardly any reading involved. The solution to technology based plagiarism presents a complex situation despite the fact that the tools and software required to address the problem can be found in the same technology (Evans 2006). Currently, many institutions apply plagiarism-detecting tools like turnitin to ensure they police their students’ essays and discourage the vice (Mulcahy & Goodacrep 2004). Notwithstanding, students can still counter this by either using one of an assortment of online software that can paraphrase their essays and prevent detection through

Let's Be Lefties For a Day Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Let's Be Lefties For a Day - Assignment Example ch ensures that employees maximize their contribution to the organization while enabling them to reach their own potential; creating a win-win situation for all. Diversity in the workplace refers to the variety of employees in a given work environment. Every organization today is made up of employees from a variety of ethnic, cultural, and racial backgrounds, add to this diverse group a mix of genders. Managers and professionals in such settings are responsible for molding this diverse group into a cohesive unit that benefits the organization, while ensuring that every employee is enabled to reach his/her potential. The idea of diversity is acceptance of differences and respect for them. In essence this means accepting that each individual is unique and is different from another in certain respects. These differences can be in a wide variety of spheres ranging from cultural and racial to religious and gender. Exploring these dimensions and understanding them can lead to an enriching experience – the ability to not just make allowances for but to appreciate them and celebrate the unique qualities they contribute. Diversity does not mean just physical diversity in outward appearance or speech. People who grow up in differing environments or come from different educational backgrounds also think and respond differently. The difference lies not only in how they are perceived but also how they perceive others and themselves. This also affects the way they interact with others especially those they perceive to be different from themselves. The result can be discrimination where those who ‘belong’ are at an advantage while those who do not are at a disadvantage. The challenge for the manager or professional in a business setting is to build bridges across differences and strengthen bonds to enable a work environment sans discrimination. The simple experiment of using the left hand instead of the right for ordinary activities like turning the pages of a book or

Home Appliances Control Using RF

Home Appliances Control Using RF The project HOME APPLIANCES CONTROL USING RF is an alternate of the job done by human like switch on/off by hand. Here job of doing on/off can be done by from a distance by help of remote. The ckt. Consists of four parts. These are listed below:- Power supply of 5v and 9v:- it consist of ic 7805,7809 , two transformer, capacitors and diode. Microcontroller:- it consists of m/c AT89S52 , reset ckt. RF module:- It consists of ic HT-12D AND HT-12E relay part:- two ralays, two diode,two bulbs ref.(1) HISTORY In this rf based project our data to control home appliance is send from remote to control them, here user only have to press the switch of remote. In other words, one could remotely turn on light in ones lawn or the air conditioning at home, or turn on/off the light of room by help of remote sitting at one palace in home, The operation cost and power required is also less. METHODOLOGY In this project our signal is transmitted through air from RF transmitter to RF receiver, which decoded the signal received, now decoded signal is send by 4 line to microcontroller. Microcontroller do the work on received data according to programming, which will turn on/off the relays, then bulbs are also on/off. BLOCK DIAGRAM Fig.1 Ref(5) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Fig. 2 Ref(5) Fig. 3 Ref.(5) WORKING There are two power supplies one of 5v and second of 9v. Power supplies are made by bridge wave rectifier. For making 5v supply we use 4doide, one capacitor of 470 micro F, ic regulator 7805, similarly the second power supply. 5v supply is given to AT89S52 and 9V to operate the relay. Firstly the rf signal is generated by ic HT-12E and transmitted through air by help of rf transmitter module, the received data is now decoded by rf ic HT-12D and send to microcontroller to work on it. Some connections are made be ready the functioning of both ics. When signal is decoded by ic HT-12D it gives output by its pin no. 10 to 13. These output lines feed to m/c to pin no. 10 to 13 to make the m/c in action some connection are made as shown in fig of ckt.(Reset ckt. At pin no. 9, oscillator of value 11.0592 at pin no. 18 and 19 and power at pin no 40) Now, button of remote is pressed by user then m/c do low or high to the pin no p2.0 and p2.1 output line from m/c connected to TIP 122 base. These are high power transistor whose base is connected to to pin no p2.0 and p2.1 of m/c through resistance. If high power is given to TIP than it will be on due to which the relay make the connection between 3 and 4, and bulb be on. If low is at base of TIP then TIP will not work and connection of relay will be 3 and 4 due to which bulb be off. So we can do on/off the home appliance by help of remote. In our project one bulb be on by pressing button 1, second by help of 2, both will be on by button no. 3. And both will be offed by button no. 4. Ref.(6) APPLICATION By using home appliance control using rf we can control all the electrical devices of a home with the help of remote. We can on/off the devices by a distance. With the help of this concept we can make a robotic hand to handle the objects which a far away from us. With this we can also design car whose motion can be controlled by a remote. For a specific movement of car we will define a specific command for forward movement we will press button no. 1 for backward button no. 2 for left by help of button no. 3 and right by button by help of button no. 4 Other applications Burglar alarm system Smoke and fire alarm system Garage door controllers Car door controllers Car alarm system Security system Cordless telephones Other remote control systems Ref(5) PROBLEMS While controlling home appliances using RF we have to face some following problems:- We have used it to a particular range abt. of some meters not in range of kilometer or more distance. If m/c hanged we want to do on/off the switch then we are not confirmed abt. its on/off states. CONCLUSION This project is very useful for electricity saving purpose. Because we can do on/off the switch very quickly, otherwise due to laziness we avoid to on/off them. Project can easily be used by any one because to use this project one should not need to learn any special things and this project is very economical due to its simple circuit and by use of cheap components. COMPONENTS LIST Serial no. Component Specifications Quantity 1 Transformer 1amp,12v 1 2 Regulator7805 1 3 Regulator 1 4 Transformer 1amp,9v 1 5 TIP 122 2 6 Diodes IN 4001N 8 7 RELAY 2 8 MICROCONTROLLER AT 89S52 1 9 HT-12D 1 10 HT-12E 1 COMPONENT DETAILS MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52:- Fig. 4 ref(3) The Intel AT89S52 is a Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (ÂÂ µC) which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of enhanced devices with AT89S52-compatible processor cores that are manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies, Maxim Integrated Products (via its Dallas Semiconductor subsidiary), NXP (formerly Philips Semiconductor), Winbond, ST Microelectronics, Silicon Laboratories (formerly Cygnal), Texas Instruments and Cypress Semiconductor. Intels official designation for the AT89S52 family of ÂÂ µCs is MCS 51. Intels original AT89S52 family was developed using NMOS technology, but later versions, identified by a letter C in their name, e.g. 80C51, used CMOS technology and were less power-hungry than their NMOS predecessors this made them eminently more suitable for battery-powered devices Important features and applications:- It provides many functions (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, interrupt logic, timer, etc.) in a single package 8-bit data bus It can access 8 bits of data in one operation (hence it is an 8-bit microcontroller) 16-bit address bus It can access 216 memory locations 64 kB each of RAM and ROM On-chip RAM 128 bytes (Data Memory) On-chip ROM 4 kB (Program Memory) Four byte bi-directional input/output port UART (serial port) Two 16-bit timers Two-level interrupt priority Power saving mode A particularly useful feature of the AT89S52 core is the inclusion of a boolean processing engine which allows bit-level boolean logic operations to be carried out directly and efficiently on internal registers and RAM. This feature helped to cement the 8051s popularity in industrial control applications. Another valued feature is that it has four separate register sets, which can be used to greatly reduce interrupt latency compared to the more common method of storing interrupt context on a stack. The AT89S52UART an be configured to use a 9th data bit that can provide addressable communications in an RS-485 multi-point communications environment. AT89S52 based microcontrollers typically include one or two UARTs, two or three timers, 128 or 256 bytes of internal data RAM (16 bytes of which are bit addressable), up to 128 bytes of I/O, 512 bytes to 64 kB of internal program memory, and sometimes a quantity of extended data RAM(ERAM) located in the external data space. The original AT89S52 core ran at 12 clock cycles per machine cycle, with most instructions executing in one or two machine cycles. With a 12 MHz clock frequency, the AT89S52 could thus execute 1 million one-cycle instructions per second or 500,000 two-cycle instructions per second. Enhanced 8051 cores are now commonly used which run at six, four, two, or even one clock per machine cycle, and have clock frequencies of up to 100 MHz, and are thus capable of an even greater number of instructions per second. All SILabs, some Dallas and a few Atmel devices have single cycle cores. Even higher speed single cycle 8051 cores, in the range 130 MHz to 150 MHz, are now available in internet downloadable form for use in programmable logic devices such as FPGAs, and at many hundreds of MHz in ASICs, for example the net list from www.e8051.com. Common features included in modern 8051 based microcontrollers include built-in reset timers with brown-out detection, on-chip oscillators, self-programmable Flash ROM program memory, boot loader code in ROM, EEPROM non-volatile data storage, IÂÂ ²C, SPI, and USB host interfaces, PWM generators, analog comparators, A/D and D/A converters, RTCs, extra counters and timers, in-circuit debugging facilities, more interrupt sources, and extra power saving modes. Ref(3) PIN DIAGRAM:- Fig. 5 ref(3) Pins 1-8: Port 1 Each of these pins can be configured as input or output. Pin 9: RS Logical one on this pin stops microcontrollers operating and erases the contents of most registers. By applying logical zero to this pin, the program starts execution from the beginning. In other words, a positive voltage pulse on this pin resets the microcontroller. Pins10-17: Port 3 Similar to port 1, each of these pins can serve as universal input or output . Besides, all of them have alternative functions: Pin 10: RXD Serial asynchronous communication input or Serial synchronous communication output. Pin 11: TXD Serial asynchronous communication output or Serial synchronous communication clock output. Pin 12: INT0 Interrupt 0 input Pin 13: INT1 Interrupt 1 input Pin 14: T0 Counter 0 clock input Pin 15: T1 Counter 1 clock input Pin 16: WR Signal for writing to external (additional) RAM Pin 17: RD Signal for reading from external RAM Pin 18, 19: X2, X1 Internal oscillator input and output. A quartz crystal which determines operating frequency is usually connected to these pins. Instead of quartz crystal, the miniature ceramics resonators can be also used for frequency stabilization. Later versions of the microcontrollers operate at a frequency of 0 Hz up to over 50 Hz. Pin 20: GND Ground Pin 21-28: Port 2 If there is no intention to use external memory then these port pins are configured as universal inputs/outputs. In case external memory is used then the higher address byte, i.e. addresses A8-A15 will appear on this port. It is important to know that even memory with capacity of 64Kb is not used ( i.e. note all bits on port are used for memory addressing) the rest of bits are not available as inputs or outputs. Pin 29: PSEN If external ROM is used for storing program then it has a logic-0 value every time the microcontroller reads a byte from memory. Pin 30: ALE Prior to each reading from external memory, the microcontroller will set the lower address byte (A0-A7) on P0 and immediately after that activates the output ALE. Upon receiving signal from the ALE pin, the external register (74HCT373 or 74HCT375 circuit is usually embedded ) memorizes the state of P0 and uses it as an address for memory chip. In the second part of the microcontrollers machine cycle, a signal on this pin stops being emitted and P0 is used now for data transmission (Data Bus). In this way, by means of only one additional (and cheap) integrated circuit, data multiplexing from the port is performed. This port at the same time used for data and address transmission. Pin 31: EA By applying logic zero to this pin, P2 and P3 are used for data and address transmission with no regard to whether there is internal memory or not. That means that even there is a program written to the microcontroller, it will not be executed, the program written to external ROM will be used instead. Otherwise, by applying logic one to the EA pin, the microcontroller will use both memories, first internal and afterwards external (if it exists), up to end of address space. Pin 32-39: Port 0 Similar to port 2, if external memory is not used, these pins can be used as universal inputs or outputs. Otherwise, P0 is configured as address output (A0-A7) when the ALE pin is at high level (1) and as data output (Data Bus), when logic zero (0) is applied to the ALE pin. Pin 40: VCC Power supply +5V Ref(4) REGULATOR(7805):- 7805 is an integrated three-terminal positive fixed linear voltage regulator. It supports an input voltage of 7 volts to 35 volts and output voltage of 5 volts. It typically has a current rating of 1 amp although both higher and lower current models are available. Its output voltage is fixed at 5.0V. The 7805 also have a built-in current limiter as a safety feature. The 7805 will automatically reduce output current if it gets too hot. It belongs to a family of three-terminal positive fixed regulators with similar specifications and differing fixed voltages from 8 to 15 volts. The last two digits represent the voltage; for instance, the 7812 is a 12-volt regulator. The 78xx series of regulators is designed to work in complement with the 79xx series of negative voltage regulators in systems that provide both positive and negative regulated voltages, since the 78xx series cant regulate negative voltages in such a system. The 7805 is one of the most common and well known of the 78xx series regulators, as its small component count and medium-power regulated 5V make it useful for powering TTL. Fig.6 Ref(5) REFERENCES Search Enginewww.google.com. Data Sheets from www.alldatasheet.com Article on Password Based Security System on www.8051projectinfo.com Data Sheet of Microcontroller from www.atmel .com Article on Password based security system from Wikipedia. Text Book on 8051 Microcontroller (Mazidi) Text book on 8051 Microcontroller(Kenneth J. Ayala)

Hydroelectricity for a Brighter Future Essay -- Hydro Electricity Ener

Hydroelectricity for a Brighter Future The environment is a precious thing and we need to protect and care for it. The environment does not have its own voice; therefore we must speak on behalf of the environment. Over the past century as technology has improved and people have desired more materialistic things, our environment has been harmed tremendously. I will not deny that I do enjoy having cars, electricity, and other technologies which make my life easier, but I do believe that there are other means of obtaining energy through different methods that are more environmentally friendly. A great example of one of these methods is hydroelectric energy. Hydroelectric energy is a renewable energy source which relies on the natural water cycle, which includes evaporation, precipitation, and the flow of water due to gravity. Today, we have a method of taking this hydroelectric energy and turning it into electricity—hence the term hydroelectricity. Hydro means water and hydroelectric means creating electricity from water power. When it rains, water becomes streams that run down the sides of mountains and hills into the ocean. This falling water can be used to do work. Keep in mind energy is the ability to do work. Therefore, the falling water which has kinetic energy is converted into electricity (Hydro Power 2005). Hydroelectricity is created in hydroelectric power plants through the usage of dams, turbines, generators, and transmission lines. Hydroelectric power plants capture the energy of falling water and convert this energy into electricity. Dams are created to raise the water level of the rivers to generate falling water and control the flow of the water. This forms ... ...re we are getting our next fuel source from and it will add to our wallets, not take away. Works Cited Baird, Stuart. Hydro-Electric Power. 1993. Energy Educators of Ontario. 18 Apr. 2005 . Do the Benefits of Massive Hydroelectric Power Projects Outweigh the Environmental Costs of These Projects? 18 Apr. 2005 . How Hydropower Works. 13 Dec. 2000. Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company. 18 Apr. 2005 . Hydro Power. 22 Apr. 2002 Energy Story. 18 Apr. 2005. . Medina, Francelys. Hydroelectric Power: Dammed? Nov. 2001. Energy and Modern Society. 18 Apr. 2005 .

Entering Grooming Business in Hong Kong Pest Analysis

Personal management and human resource management (HRM) basically brings very similar meaning. The personnel who work for a company represent that company’s human resource. Human resource management (HRM) department didn’t actually exist until 1940s, the activities performed by these departments were not all brand new but in fact, quite a number of the human resource practices and programs that we see today top derivation in the earlier times. Human resource management (HRM) is historically known as personal management which deals with official system for the management of the people within the organization. Many renowned companies want to achieve the transformation of their workforce into a foundation of completive advantage. HR manager inevitably has concerns for their workers. These concerns consists of how to manage layoffs, address deduction of employee loyalty, generate a well trained highly motivated work force that can deliver HR mangers have many concerns regarding their workers. These concerns include how to mange layoffs, address reduced employee loyalty, generate a well trained highly motivated work force that can deliver higher quality and productivity. Mange and increase diverse workforce and contain health care cost. HRM has been undergoing transformation. In 1970s, the job of the HR manger was to keep their companies out of court and in compliance with the increasing number of regulations governing the work place. In the 1980s HR mangers had to address staffing costs related to mergers and acquisitions and downsizing. The economic issues related to an increasingly global and completive workplace characterize the 1990s. Beside these concerns Firms are also facing some other challenges regarding workforce before we take up the HR challenges that face managers, we need to define manager and say a word about where human resources fit into the organization. Managers are people who are in charge of others and are responsible for the timely and correct execution of actions that promote their units' successful performance. B. History of Personnel Management A group of people becomes an organization when they cooperate with each other to achieve common goals. Communication among them is therefore important. But people have individual motivations, which often differ, from the corporate goals. An effective organization is one which succeeds in getting people to accept that cooperating to achieve organizational goals also helps them to achieve their own goals provided they are adequately rewarded through extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. This is achieved primarily through leadership and motivation. Employers therefore increasingly view human resource management from a strategic perspective, and as an appropriate means through which the chasm between organizational and individual goals can be narrowed. As it has been aptly observed: â€Å"Part of the problem is that we have split off human resource management from the general management problem, as if there were some other kind of management other than human resource management. As long as organizations are based upon the coordinated action of two or more people, management is by definition human resource management. Despite the proliferation of writings and studies on HRM, there is a wide gap between the rhetoric and the reality, though the gap has been narrowing in the 1990s. There is as yet inadequate research to ascertain the extent to which practice matches corporate policy statements, and the impact of HRM policies and practices Page # 29 on employee behavior and morale. To have a major impact on enterprises, HRM has to be diffused across an economy, rather than remain islands of excellence. Nevertheless, promoting excellent models of HRM stimulates interest in better people management. HRM has three basic goals, which contribute to achieving management objectives. The first is integration of HRM in two senses: integrating HRM into an organization's corporate strategy, and ensuring an HRM view in the decisions and actions of line managers. Integration in the first sense involves selecting the HRM options consistent with (and which promote) the particular corporate strategy. The option is determined by the type of employee behavior expected (e. g. innovation) needed to further the corporate strategy. For instance, the HRM policies in relation to recruitment, appraisal, compensation, training, etc. iffer according to whether the business strategy is one of innovation, quality enhancement or cost reduction. A strategy of innovation may require a pay system less influenced by market rates but which rewards creativity, and the pay rates would even be low so long as there are ways of making up the earnings package. A cost reduction strategy may lead to pay rates being strongly influenced by market levels. Similarly, training and development would rec eive less emphasis in a cost reduction strategy than in one where the objective is innovation or quality. But such integration is difficult without securing the inclusion of a HRM view in the decisions and practices of line managers. This requires that HRM should not be a centralized function. A second goal of HRM is securing commitment through building strong cultures. This involves promoting organizational goals by uniting employees through a shared set of values (quality, service, innovation, etc. ) based on a convergence of employee and enterprise interests, which the larger Japanese enterprises have been particularly adept at. A third goal of HRM is to achieve flexibility and adaptability to manage change and innovation in response to rapid changes consequent upon globalization. Relevant to HRM policies in this regard are training and multi-skilling, re-organization of work and removal of narrow job classifications. Appropriate HRM policies are designed, for instance, to recruit, develop and retain quality staff, to formulate and implement agreed performance goals and measures, and to build a unified organizational culture. C. Shifting from Personnel Management to HRM The transformation is reflected by raising important role of HRM from the personal management purpose from one of focussing on employee welfare to one of managing people in a way, which matches organizational goal and individual goals and providing employees with intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Therefore Therefore, today Human Resource Management (HRM), historically known as personal management, deals with formal system for the management of the people within the organization. Many well-known companies report that they are trying to transform their workforce into a source of completive advantage. Stages of shifting of Personnel Management to HRM: First, HRM earlier reacted piece-meal to problems as they arose. Effective HRM seeks to link HRM issues to the overall strategy of the organization, with the most effective HRM policies and practices integrated into such corporate policies and strategies to reinforce or change an organization's culture. Integration is needed in two senses – integrating HRM issues in an organization's strategic plans and securing the acceptance and inclusion of a HRM view in the decisions of line managers. The HRM policies in respect of the various functions (e. g. recruitment, training, etc. ) should be internally consistent. They must also be consistent with the business strategies and should reflect the organization's core values. The problem of integrating HRM view business strategy arises, for example, in a diversified enterprise with different products and markets. In such cases it is difficult to match HRM policies with strategies that could vary among different business activities, each of which may call for different HRM policies. Second, building strong cultures is a way of promoting particular organizational goals, in that â€Å"a ‘strong culture' is aimed at uniting employees through a shared set of managerially sanctioned values (‘quality', ‘service', ‘innovation' etc. ) that assume an identification of employee and employer interests. However, there can be tension between a strong organizational culture and the need to adapt to changed Page # 30 ircumstances and to be flexible, particularly in the highly competitive and rapidly changing environment in which employers have to operate today. Rapid change demanded by the market is sometimes difficult in an organization with a strong culture. IBM has been cited as a case in point. Its firmly-held beliefs about products and services made it difficult for it to effect changes in time, i. e. when the market required a radical change in product and service (from mainframe, customized systems, salesmen as management consultants to customer-as-end-user, seeking quality of product and service) o personal computers (standardized product, cost competition, dealer as customer). Nevertheless, in the long term a strong organizational culture is preferable to a weak one. Third, the attitude that people are a variable cost is, in effective HRM, replaced by the view that people are a resource and that as social capital can be developed and can contribute to competitive advantage. Increasingly, it is accepted that competitive advantage is gained through well-educated and trained, motivated and committed employees at all levels. This recognition is now almost universal, and accounts for the plausible argument that training and development are, or will be, the central pillar of HRM. Fourth, the view that the interests of employees and management or shareholders are divergent and confliction – though substantially true in the past – is giving way to the view that this need not necessarily be so. As organization, which practices, effective HRM seeks to identify and promote a commonality of interests. Significant examples are training which enhances employment security and higher earning capacity for employees while at the same time increasing the employee's value to the enterprise's goals of better productivity and performance; pay systems which increase earnings without significant labor cost increases, and which at the same time promote higher performance levels; goal-setting through two-way communication which establishes unified goals and objectives and which provides intrinsic rewards to the employee through a participatory process. Fifth, top-down communication coupled with controlled information flow to keep power within the control of management giving way to a sharing of information and knowledge. This change facilitates the creation of trust and commitment and makes knowledge more productive. Control from the top is in effective HRM being replaced by increasing employee participation and policies, which foster commitment and flexibility that help organizations to change when necessary. The ways in which the larger Japanese enterprises have installed participatory schemes and introduced information-sharing and two-way communication systems are instructive in this regard. In enterprises that tend to have corporate philosophies or missions, and where there are underlying values that shape their corporate culture, HRM becomes a part of the strategy to achieve their objectives. In some types of enterprises such as ones in which continuous technological change takes place, the goal of successfully managing change at short intervals often requires employee cooperation through emphasis on communication and involvement. As this type of unit grows, â€Å"If there is strategic thinking in human resource management these units are likely to wish to develop employee-relations policies based on high individualism paying above market rates to recruit and retain the best labor, careful selection and recruitment systems to ensure high quality and skill potential, emphasis on internal training schemes to develop potential for further growth, payment system designed to reward individual performance and cooperation, performance and appraisal reviews, and strong emphasis on team work and communication †¦ In short, technical and capital investment is matched by human resource investments, at times reaching near the ideals of human resource management. Shift of personnel management to HRM took place in three stages: Records and 1. Records and Administration 2. Accountability Regulations 3. Competitive Advantage 1. Records and Administration In first stage the primary activities, which were carried out by personnel department, were, Planning Company picnics Scheduling vacations, Enrolling workers for health-are coverage, Planning retirement parties These concerns include how to mange layoffs, address reduced employee loyalty, create a well trained highly motivated work force that can deliver higher quality and productivity, mange and increase diverse workforce and contain health care cost. 2. Accountability Regulations During this stage primary framework of rules and regulations started emerging tin the organization. In 1970s, the job of the HR manger was to keep their companies out of court and in compliance with the increasing number of regulations governing the work place. In the 1980s HR mangers had to address staffing costs related to mergers and acquisitions and downsizing. The economic issues related to an increasingly global and completive workplace characterize the 1990s. Beside these concerns 3. Competitive Advantage The aim of this shift stage is from merely securing compliance to the more ambitious one of winning commitment. The employee resource, therefore, becomes worth investing in, and training and development thus assume a higher profile. These initiatives are associated with, and maybe are even predicated upon, a tendency to shift from a collective orientation to the management of the workforce to an individualistic one. Accordingly management looks for ‘flexibility' and seeks to reward differential performance in a differential way. Communication of managerial objectives and aspirations takes on a whole new importance. What separates or distinguishes HRM from the traditional personnel function is the integration of HRM into strategic management and the pre-occupation of HRM with utilizing the human resource to achieve strategic management objectives. HRM â€Å"seeks to eliminate the mediation role and adopts a generally unitary perspective. It emphasizes strategy and planning rather than problem solving and mediation, so that employee cooperation is delivered by programme of corporate culture, remuneration packaging, and team building and management development for core employees, while peripheral employees are kept at arm's length. HRM strategies may be influenced by the decisions taken on strategy (the nature of the business currently and in the future) and by the structure of the enterprise (the manner in which the enterprise is structured or organized to meet is objectives). In an enterprise with effective HRM polices and practices, the decisions on HRM are also strategic decisions influenced by strategy and structure, and by external factors such as trade unions, the labor market situation and the legal system. In reality most firms do not have such a well thought out sequential HRM model. But we are considering here is also effective HRM, and thus a model where HRM decisions are as strategic as the decisions on the type of business and structure. At conceptual level the interpretations of HRM indicate different emphases, which lead to concentration on different contents of the discipline. The various distinctions or interpretations indicate that HRM â€Å"Can be used in a restricted sense so reserving it as a label only for that approach to labor management which treats labor as a valued asset rather than a variable cost and which accordingly counsels investment in the labor resource through training and development and through measures designed to at tract and retain a committed workforce. Alternatively it is sometimes used in an extended way so as to refer to a whole array of recent managerial initiatives including measures to increase the flexible utilization of the labor resource and other measures, which are largely directed at the individual employee. But another distinction can also be drawn. This directs attention to the ‘hard' and ‘soft' versions of HRM. The ‘hard' one emphasizes the quantitative, calculative and business-strategic aspects of managing the headcounts resource in as ‘rational' a way as for any other economic factor. By contrast, the ‘soft' version traces its roots to the human-relations school; it emphasizes communication, motivation, and leadership. There are several ways in which HRM has changed earlier attitudes and assumptions of personnel management about managing people. The new model of HRM includes many elements vital to the basic management goal of achieving and maintaining

#8220;Analytical Essay Sample on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 3 Elements of Romance#8221;

#8220;Analytical Essay Sample on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 3 Elements of Romance#8221; The tale of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, translated by John Gardner, is a prime example of a romance in literature. The story focuses on three elements of romance: the quest, bravery, and chivalry. The first element represented in the story is the quest. It is during the quest that the hero undertakes a perilous journey in search of value. In this case Sir Gawain accepts the Green Knight’s test because he is always in search of a challenge due to his knightly call to chivalry. In this quest Gawain has to overcome danger for love of a high ideal. He is tested several times by the Green Knight first at the castle and then again during the second part of his challenge. Gawain, like all true heroes, overcomes every obstacle thrown at him and if he cannot overcome it then he redeems himself for it later on in his journey. He takes on this challenge to uphold his high ideal of how a knight should act. Though at the end of his quest he learns that he cannot always live up to such high ideals since he, like all others, is human and capable of making mistakes. The second element represented in the story is bravery. During Sir Gawain’s quest he remains courageous and brave at all times. He feels that honor and valor are the most important qualities in a knight and always strives to uphold them. The first evidence of Gawain’s bravery is demonstrated when he accepts the challenge put forth by the green knight. He is truly brave since he is the only knight to step up to the challenge. â€Å"Gawain accepts the challenge- no other knight has dared to, and Gawain refuses to let the king give up his life.† His bravery never falters and he commits to the first part of the challenge by cutting off the knight’s head. He shows more bravery by actually returning in a year for the second part of the challenge. He also proves his honor by setting out to find the Green Knight a year later; even though he does not know where he lives and is certain his death will come about from the meeting. Only once does his bravery decline wh en he flinches at the green knight’s first stroke of the axe. â€Å"But you! You tremble at heart before you’re touched! / I’m bound to be called a better man than you, then, / my lord† (118-120). But he regains his bravery and survives the knight’s axe. Afterwards even the green knight congratulates him on his bravery, calling him the worthiest of Arthur’s knights and forgiving his actions. The final element represented in the story is chivalry. Throughout the story Sir Gawain’s chivalry is constantly being tested. The ideals of chivalry come from the Christian concept of morality. When Sir Gawain sets off on his journey his morality is tested at the castle. He agrees to give the lord whatever he wins but his morality fails him and he does not live up to his word. He was tempted by the lord’s beautiful young wife and succumbed to her. However, it wasn’t just that he was kissing the lord’s wife but he also kept the green girdle from the lord, going against their agreement. â€Å"When the lord returns from the hunt, Gawain gives him the kisses but keeps the sash a secret.† Although Gawain was un-chivalrous in kissing his wife he still maintained some morality by not sleeping with her. Sir Gawain now posses the magical green sash and also a guilty conscience, though he is able to redeem his earlier actions by confessing to the Green Knigh t, who was lord of the castle. Sir Gawain shows this time that he is truly chivalrous by admitting his wrongdoings; he has regained his sense of morality, and asks for the knight’s forgiveness. â€Å"I can’t deny my guilt; / My works shine none too fair! / Give me your good will / And henceforth I’ll beware† (256-259). From this Gawain learns that he is just a physical being who is concerned above all else with his own life. Chivalry provides a valuable set of common ideals towards which one strives to achieve, however, a person must still remain conscious of his or her own morality and weakness. When Gawain flinches from the knight’s axe and accepts the green girdle it shows that even though he may be the most chivalrous knight he is still human and capable of error. The story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight focuses on three elements of a romance: the quest, bravery, and chivalry. In the end Sir Gawain realizes his weakness after completing his quest, upholding bravery, and remaining chivalrous.

Quotes About Friends and Friendship

Quotes About Friends and Friendship Friendship is a rare and precious commodity. If you have a friend who truly understands you and accepts you despite your shortcomings, then you are the luckiest person in the world. Quotes About Friendship Here are some quotes about friendship and friends: Walter Winchell: newspaper/radio columnist/commentator ï » ¿A real friend is one who walks in when the rest of the world walks out. Anonymous To have a good friend is one of the highest delights in life; to be a good friend is one of the noblest and most difficult undertakings. Christi Mary Warner: singer/songwriter, poet A true friend is one who knows all about you and likes you anyway. Aristotle: Greek philosopher What is a friend? A single soul dwelling in two bodies. Anonymous A friend hears the song in my heart and sings it to me when my memory fails. Bishop Fulton J. Sheen: Catholic bishop, TV commentator Every man rejoices twice when he has a partner in his joy. He who shares tears with us wipes them away. He divides them in two, and he who laughs with us makes the joy double. Jacques Delille: French poet Fate chooses our relatives, we choose our friends. Samuel Butler: English novelist, essayist Friendship is like money, easier made than kept. Anonymous Every time I hold you I begin to understand, that everything about you tells me youre my best friend. Proverb Advice from your friends is like the weather; some of it is good; some of it is bad. Orson Welles: American actor, writer, director Were born alone, we live alone, we die alone. Only through our love and friendship can we create the illusion for the moment that were not alone. Charles R. Swindoll: Christian pastor and authorI cannot even imagine where I would be today were it not for that handful of friends who have given me a heart full of joy. Lets face it, friends make life a lot more fun. Yolanda Hadid: Dutch-American television personalityI have learned that friendship isnt about who youve known the longest, its about who came and never left your side. Simon Sinek; British-American author, consultant The strong bond of friendship is not always a balanced equation; friendship is not always about giving and taking in equal shares. Instead, friendship is grounded in a feeling that you know exactly who will be there for you when you need something, no matter what or when. Khalil Gibran:Â  Lebanese-American writer, poet In the sweetness of friendship let there be laughter, and sharing of pleasures. For in the dew of little things the heart finds its morning and is refreshed. Ray Bradbury: American authorIf we listened to our intellect, wed never have a love affair. Wed never have a friendship. Wed never go into business, because wed be cynical. Well, thats nonsense. Youve got to jump off cliffs all the time and build your wings on the way down.

Introduction to Accounting and finance -- Economics, Finance and Assignment - 7

Introduction to Accounting and finance -- Economics, Finance and Management - Assignment Example The result is that immediately on payment for bulk purchases from UK supplier, the company will be requiring more than the available OD facility of  £25000. It appears from projected cash flows that after meeting payment for bulk purchases the company will be in position to manage its liquidity within the available line of credit. It must be remembered that â€Å"by using cash flow forecast, an entrepreneur can predict and plain the cash flow of a business.†(Justin G. Longenecker, page 390)ii . While planning cash flows, one of the major issues over which managers should concentrate in resolving the liquidity problems are seeking an extended credit period from suppliers as the company is making bulk purchases. Second issue is to approach the bank to raise line of credit from the existing limit of  £ 25000.Third issue that requires management’s concentration is to take advantage of the positive liquid position emerging from October 2010. The management must understand that cash flow forecast is â€Å"for internal purposes and is not subject to the rules we will lay for preparing profit and loss account and balance sheet.†(David Crowther, page 24)iii. â€Å"Profits are the funds that are left at the end of the period when all sales are booked and expenses are tallied.† (Craig Cochran, page 22)iv. Cash represent liquidity available with the company and profits are the result of good performance of any business. â€Å"Any one who has compared income statements and bank statements knows that profit never makes its way to the bank account exactly the same amount that appeared on the income statement.†(Gene Siciliano, page 76)v. Profit calculation involve measurement of non- cash transactions in order to arrive at a reasonably good assessment of a business activities over an accounting period, particular when accrual basis of accountancy is in operation. Credit sales and credit purchases are considered for the purposes

Write an essay of approximately 750 words (approximately 3 pages) in - 1

Write an of approximately 750 words (approximately 3 pages) in length to answer the following prompt - Essay Example Some of these restrictions include speech related to slander, libel, hate speech, incitement against the government, classified word, and obscenity, intruding another individual privacy among others. In the United States, freedom of speech also known as freedom of expression is protected by the first Amendment of the American Constitution. This paper aims at evaluating whether virtual protest tactics such as the Direct Denial of Services Attack should be protected by the First Amendment of the U.S Constitution. In my opinion, the virtual protest tactics ought to be protected by the First Amendment of the American Constitution. The reason is that various individuals use these tactics to seek, impart and receive information about various issues thus utilizing their freedom of speech or expression. Further, people also use the virtual protest tactics to express their opinions and ideas regarding different issues in the society and also agree and disagree on some of the issues they find oppressing in the society. According to the constitution of the United States, every individual has the right to express their views on particular matters such as government issues through the use of any medium or channel (First Amendment, 2014). Therefore, the virtual protests are ideas and opinions of people that are communicated through the use of the internet as well as other social media platforms thus should be protected by the First Amendment of the Constitution. In addition, virtual protest tactics ought to be protected by the First Amendment of the American Constitution. It is because its primary aim is to inspire and motivate individuals to push for their rights and also air their grievances to the government. That, therefore, shows that these tactics are used to improve the methods used by people to express themselves as indicated in the freedom of speech. For

How effective have The European institutions been in dealing with the Dissertation

How effective have The European institutions been in dealing with the economic crisis - Dissertation Example It goes without saying that the game has evolved a fair bit over the past couple of centuries. While profits and returns will of course remain as the deciding factor when it comes to success, there are other factors that will also make a difference when it comes to the final result. Indeed, to succeed in today's economy requires one to have comprehensive understanding and mastery of business systems, marketing strategies, resource management and goal setting. And from there, both macro- and micromanagement skills are required in order to achieve the best possible results. Such may seem simple and easy enough at first. However, when considers how all these concepts are influenced by the various factors that affect the economy and the market itself, the truth of its complexity can easily be seen. Given how either economy or market conditions can change at the drop of a hat, the burden falls on the organization itself, as well as those running it, to make the necessary adjustments in re sponse. First and foremost, one needs to know the rules of the game in order to understand what his objectives ought to be, so that he might then strive toward them. Of course, it should also be noted that some ways of doing so are smarter and more effective than others, which explains the need to have effective marketing strategies. Different strategies have varying viability in various situations, and so one needs to consider this and then plan accordingly. One also needs to be able to be aware of his limitations with respect to resources, and thus keep those in mind as he does what he needs to do to succeed. And finally, just as one's strategies need to be viable and practical, so too must goals be set in a manner that is practical and realistic. Aiming high is always a good thing, but aiming far too high is not - in fact, it may even end up backfiring. At a glance, one can already guess at the complex and many-layered nature of the economy, but understanding the underlying struc tures reveal that even the word 'complex' hardly begins to describe it. The global economy in this day and age is such that neither capital nor technical knowledge alone will guarantee one's survival, especially in an increasingly competitive corporate environment. Most companies choose to deal with this by making sure to hire only the most competent and skilled employees. This is actually a valid strategy, and a rather effective one at that, considering that it is the company's employees who happen to be its single greatest untapped resource, and its biggest weapon in the fight to attain competitive advantage. Managerial staff also qualify to a lesser extent, if only because even their most brilliant strategies, schemes and plans will hardly bear any fruit without a competent workforce to put them into action. Conversely, even the most skilled employees will be limited in terms of their capabilities if their managers and supervisors leave much to be desired by way of competence. Ne edless to say, a company that has a competent workforce in addition to competent managerial staff stands the greatest chance of attaining competitive advantage. As has been stated, it is a perfectly legitimate and effective strategy for a company to keep an eye out for the most talented individuals to be recruited into their ranks to

The role of emotion in racial prejudice Essay Example for Free

The role of emotion in racial prejudice Essay Racial prejudice was defined by Allport , one of the first researchers in psychology to investigate the issue, as an aversive or hostile attitude towards a person who belongs to a group, simply because he or she belongs to that group, and is therefore presumed to have the objectionable qualities ascribed to that group. It is an antipathy based on a faulty and inflexible generalization (Allport, 1954). Racial prejudice exists on 3 levels: behavioral, cognitive and affective. The actual discrimination or unequal treatment towards a particular group based on their race is the behavioral component of racial prejudice. The cognitive component is made up of stereotypes. Stereotypes are categories of cognitions concerning the members of a particular group. These cognitions are usually simple, often over generalized, and frequently inaccurate. Stereotypes are not simply abstractions about group categories. They can act as cognitive filters through which we select what information to use, what to ignore, and how to interpret it. Stereotypes do not exist in isolation. They are accompanied by emotions, which are usually expressed in terms that can be distributed along a continuum ranging from the intensely negative to the very positive. (Simpson and Yinger, 1972) The emotional level is a major element of racism, because it serves as the motivation for stereotyping. Stereotypes would not be so powerful without affective links. After the cognitive level has been challenged and undermined, one continues to maintain stereotypes at the emotional or affective level. As the intensity of emotion increases, so does the level of prejudice. This paper will explore the influence of emotions on ones unconscious and conscious inclinations towards stereotyping and racism. Fear, anxiety, disgust and anger are all emotions that exist at the root of racism. According to an evolutionary perspective, fear is one of the most motivational emotions humans have in their bodies to keep them alive. It protects humans from danger, by motivating them to fight back when they are being threatened. This fight manifests itself in many different ways, but in the context of racism it is in the form of discrimination towards an out-group. This explains racism as a means of fighting back when an individuals fear has been aroused due to perceived threat to an ones fundamental needs by the out-group. Fear exists in the reptilian brain, the very basic area of the brain and it can sometimes be aroused unconsciously. Fear can cause neurotransmitters to fill the brain, bringing an individual to such a heightened state of arousal that the cause of fear becomes internalized. (Le Doux, 2002) In the context of racism, if an individual or group is identified with that arousal, an association is made that is not easily removed. This evolutionary logic leads to many thoughts about factors in modern day society leading to the acquisition of new stereotypes and prejudices, as well as the endurance existing stereotypes and prejudices. For example, a recent study conducted by Schaller, Park and Mueller investigated the effect of ambient darkness and thoughts about danger on stereotypes about Blacks. The participants were placed in either a well lit or dark room, then they were presented photographs of black males and asked to rate how much they represented the cultural stereotype. The study also included a separate questionnaire to assess each participants thoughts of living in a dangerous world. The results showed that when the participants were in the well lit room, their level of perceived danger in the world did not have an effect on the intensity of their stereotypes of blacks. However, when the participants were in the dark room, stereotypes of blacks were more intense in association with their level of perceived danger in the world. To people everywhere darkness is a threat, it presents danger due to vulnerability and has evil connotations. This study clearly illustrates the relationship between racism and fear. (Schaller, Park Mueller, 2002). Inter-group anxiety has been proven to be another motivator for racial prejudice. High levels of intergroup anxiety may amplify normative behavioral patterns, cause cognitive and motivational information processing biases, intensify self-awareness, and augment emotional reactions (Stephan Stephan, 1985). Stephan and Stephan proposed that intergroup anxiety stems mainly from the anticipation of negative consequences for oneself during contact. Much of the intergroup anxiety may be caused by minimal previous contact with the outgroup, the existence of large status differentials, and a high ratio of outgroup to ingroup members. Stephan and Stephans own study of Hispanic Americans perceptions of Anglos showed that high voluntary contact was negatively associated, and that high believed dissimilarity and stereotyping were positively associated, with intergroup anxiety. It was predicted that increased contact (under appropriate conditions) would be associated with decreased intergroup anxiety and that, in the context of our field study of minority and majority religious groups, intergroup anxiety would be higher for minority group members. (Stephan Stephan, 1985) The Social-identity theory is widely used as an explanation for prejudice. According to Social-Identity theory, an individual attains self-concept and self-esteem through membership to a particular group. A high need for esteem and belonging are often associated with racism because of the psychological need it fulfill it to feel superior, (which in actuality is a state of inferiority). In order for individuals to feel as though their group is meaningful and has status, it is unconsciously necessary for them to place others below them. In applying emotion to this model of prejudice, it is evident that fear of rejection acts as a motivator for out-group discrimination in order to protect ones own ego. A newer model of prejudice; Intergroup Emotions Theory, combines this social identity perspective with the assumptions of appraisal theories of emotion. Intergroup Emotions Theory claims that emotions are caused by the collective aspect of the self. For example, when an outgroup is appraised as threatening an ingroup, negative intergroup emotions such as fear or anger may result, and become part of a general prejudice against the outgroup that may motivate discriminatory behavior. Thus, Intergroup Emotions Theory holds that emotions experienced by individuals with respect to their group memberships make a unique contribution to prejudice and intergroup relations. In association with the Intergroup Emotion Theory which recognizes the appraisals and attribution process in racial motives. Esses, Haddock and Zanna point out that there is more to prejudice than merely the attribution of stereotypes to groups. Their research suggests that the emotions elicited by a particular group are important in determining ones level of prejudice. When one is in a good mood, he or she is likely to evaluate members of out-groups more favorably than when he or she is in a bad mood. (Esses, Haddock Zanna, 1993) Another example of the role emotion plays in predicting racial prejudice is illustrated in a study by Esses and Dovidio. They found that when white students were shown a videotape of a black man experiencing discrimination in several situations and asked to focus on their feelings about each situation, they felt more positive toward blacks and were more willing to interact with blacks in the future than students who were told to pay attention to their thoughts in this regard. Aversive racism is yet another way in which emotion is seen as a factor in racism. Aversive racism is accompanied by feelings of anxiety, which are caused by intergroup expectancies and by the contribution of ignorance that often coexists with fear. Gaertner and Dovidio state that aversive racism is excluded from conscious awareness and amplifies positive behaviours toward a minority group. Negative feelings follow these overly positive behaviours. Gaertner and Dovidio indicate that there are several possible negative emotions involved such as discomfort, anxiety, uneasiness, disgust and even fear. These emotions occur because of the extreme cognitive exercise necessary to avoid expressing unacceptable racist comments. Once again it is being suggested that negative emotions mediate the relationship between stereotypes, which are unavoidable, and prejudice that includes affect. (Gaertner and Dovidio, 1986) The studies mentioned throughout this paper prove that emotions play a significant role in human tendencies towards racial prejudices. It is also evident that these tendencies can be in many ways unconscious. However, much of this research has also shown that if humans are made more aware of the role that their emotions play in these prejudice thoughts and actions, they can learn to monitor them consciously. Also other research has noted that by increasing intergroup contact racism between groups will decrease. Racial prejudice is a major social problem that must be alleviated and more research in this area will always be beneficial in helping society become more unified. Works Cited Allport, The Nature of Prejudice, Doubleday, 1958 Esses, V. Dovidio, J. (2002). The role of emotions in determining willingness to engage in intergroup contact. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 637-649. Esses, V. M. , Haddock, G. , Zanna, M. P. (1993). Values, stereotypes, and emotions as determinants of intergroup attitudes. In D. M. Mackie D. L. Hamilton (Eds. ), Affect, cognition and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 137-166). San Diego: Academic Press. Gaertner, S. L. , Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio S. L. Gaertner (Eds. ), Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. LeDoux, Joseph. The Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are. Viking, 2002. Schaller, M. , Park, J. , Mueller, A. (2002). Fear of the dark: Interactive effects of beliefs about dander and ambient darkness on ethnic stereotypes. Personality and Social Bulletin, 28, 1242-1254. Simpson G. E. Yinger J. M, Racial and Cultural Minorities. An Analysis of Prejudice and Discrimination, New York 1972, p. 24. Stephan, W. G. , Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 157-175.